Last updated: 2025-06-04
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| File | Version | Author | Date | Message |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rmd | 32deb8e | Dave Tang | 2025-06-04 | Tracing functions |
?trace:
Interactive Tracing and Debugging of Calls to a Function or Method
A call to trace allows you to insert debugging code (e.g., a call to browser or recover) at chosen places in any function. A call to untrace cancels the tracing. Specified methods can be traced the same way, without tracing all calls to the generic function. Trace code (tracer) can be any R expression. Tracing can be temporarily turned on or off globally by calling tracingState.
trace() is a built-in R function that lets you
temporarily insert code into another function. It’s useful for:
It works even on functions inside packages without editing package source code.
Usage:
trace(what, tracer, exit, at, print, signature, where = topenv(parent.frame()), edit = FALSE)
You can get started by setting two arguments:
what: the function you want to tracetracer: the code you want to run when that function is
calledThe example below will print “sq was called!” when sq()
is called. After printing, the function will operate as usual.
sq <- function(x){
x^2
}
trace("sq", tracer = quote(print("sq was called!")))[1] "sq"sq(4)Tracing sq(4) on entry
[1] "sq was called!"[1] 16You can inspect the function’s arguments inside the tracer by using
args() or directly printing them.
trace("sq", tracer = quote({
print(paste("x is", x))
}))[1] "sq"sq(5)Tracing sq(5) on entry
[1] "x is 5"[1] 25You can also trace functions from packages.
trace("mean", tracer = quote(print("mean() was called!")))Tracing function "mean" in package "base"[1] "mean"mean(c(1, 2, 3))Tracing mean(c(1, 2, 3)) on entry
[1] "mean() was called!"[1] 2Calling mean() from another function.
trace("mean", tracer = quote(print("mean() was called!")))Tracing function "mean" in package "base"[1] "mean"my_mean <- function(x){
mean(x)
}
my_mean(1:10)Tracing mean(x) on entry
[1] "mean() was called!"[1] 5.5Calling base::mean().
trace("mean", tracer = quote(print("mean() was called!")))Tracing function "mean" in package "base"[1] "mean"base::mean(1:10)Tracing base::mean(1:10) on entry
[1] "mean() was called!"[1] 5.5trace("kmeans") with a namespace.
trace("kmeans", tracer = quote(print("stats::kmeans was called")), where = asNamespace("stats"))Tracing function "kmeans" in package "namespace:stats"[1] "kmeans"k <- kmeans(iris[, 1:4], centers = 3)Calling stats::kmeans().
k <- stats::kmeans(iris[, 1:4], centers = 3)Tracing stats::kmeans(iris[, 1:4], centers = 3) on entry
[1] "stats::kmeans was called"When done debugging, remove the trace.
untrace("sq")
untrace("mean")Untracing function "mean" in package "base"untrace("kmeans", where = asNamespace("stats"))Untracing function "kmeans" in package "namespace:stats"
sessionInfo()R version 4.5.0 (2025-04-11)
Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
Running under: Ubuntu 24.04.2 LTS
Matrix products: default
BLAS: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/openblas-pthread/libblas.so.3
LAPACK: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/openblas-pthread/libopenblasp-r0.3.26.so; LAPACK version 3.12.0
locale:
[1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NUMERIC=C
[3] LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8 LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8
[5] LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8 LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8
[7] LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NAME=C
[9] LC_ADDRESS=C LC_TELEPHONE=C
[11] LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C
time zone: Etc/UTC
tzcode source: system (glibc)
attached base packages:
[1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base
other attached packages:
[1] lubridate_1.9.4 forcats_1.0.0 stringr_1.5.1 dplyr_1.1.4
[5] purrr_1.0.4 readr_2.1.5 tidyr_1.3.1 tibble_3.2.1
[9] ggplot2_3.5.2 tidyverse_2.0.0 workflowr_1.7.1
loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
[1] sass_0.4.10 generics_0.1.4 stringi_1.8.7 hms_1.1.3
[5] digest_0.6.37 magrittr_2.0.3 timechange_0.3.0 evaluate_1.0.3
[9] grid_4.5.0 RColorBrewer_1.1-3 fastmap_1.2.0 rprojroot_2.0.4
[13] jsonlite_2.0.0 processx_3.8.6 whisker_0.4.1 ps_1.9.1
[17] promises_1.3.2 httr_1.4.7 scales_1.4.0 jquerylib_0.1.4
[21] cli_3.6.5 rlang_1.1.6 withr_3.0.2 cachem_1.1.0
[25] yaml_2.3.10 tools_4.5.0 tzdb_0.5.0 httpuv_1.6.16
[29] vctrs_0.6.5 R6_2.6.1 lifecycle_1.0.4 git2r_0.36.2
[33] fs_1.6.6 pkgconfig_2.0.3 callr_3.7.6 pillar_1.10.2
[37] bslib_0.9.0 later_1.4.2 gtable_0.3.6 glue_1.8.0
[41] Rcpp_1.0.14 xfun_0.52 tidyselect_1.2.1 rstudioapi_0.17.1
[45] knitr_1.50 farver_2.1.2 htmltools_0.5.8.1 rmarkdown_2.29
[49] compiler_4.5.0 getPass_0.2-4